In early October, Jair Bolsonaro’s poll-defying efficiency in Brazil’s first-round presidential election revitalised his stuttering marketing campaign.

In the end, although, it was Luis Inácio Lula da Silva (or Lula) who triumphed within the nail-biting run-off vote. The tally was shut, with Lula clinching victory by simply 1.8 share factors.

Tensions have been working excessive since then and can stay elevated till January 1, when Lula will probably be inaugurated.

In a extremely divisive and violent election, Lula’s promise to guard democracy and scale back poverty galvanised left-wing voters. He was additionally in a position to lure moderates by selecting a centrist working mate, Geraldo Alckmin.

In the meantime, Bolsonaro’s mishandling of the COVID-19 pandemic and unfounded assaults on the legitimacy of Brazil’s electoral system alienated massive sections of the nation’s inhabitants.

Piqued by the end result, Bolsonaro’s Liberal Occasion (PL) just lately petitioned Brazil’s electoral courtroom to reject ballots from 280,000 voting machines. The request was rejected as a result of insubstantial proof and a spotlight has now turned to the quite a few duties dealing with the incoming president.

“I imagine the Brazilian economic system will face a serious problem in 2023,” worries Ernesto Bicaleto, a nurse working within the Brooklin Novo neighbourhood of São Paulo.

In contrast with Lula’s first two phrases in workplace, from 2003-2010, the present financial outlook is gloomy. Inflation is hovering at 6 p.c regardless of the central financial institution’s choice to lift rates of interest to 13.75 p.c in August, extending an 18-month tightening cycle.

Excessive borrowing prices look set to constrain funding and consumption, simply as considerations over an impending world recession have began to undercut commodity markets. The value of Brazil’s key exports (soybeans, oil and iron ore) are all anticipated to edge down subsequent yr.

Against this, Lula’s earlier presidency coincided with a protracted rally in world commodity costs. With different resource-rich international locations within the area, Brazil’s economic system soared. Excessive-budget surpluses facilitated large-scale infrastructure funding. Welfare applications (such because the Bolsa Familia money switch scheme) have been additionally expanded and unemployment fell.

Owing to beneficial progress dynamics, Brazil’s gross debt to gross home product (GDP) ratio declined from 77 to 62 p.c throughout Lula’s tenure.

After the worldwide monetary disaster, nevertheless, financial exercise and monetary self-discipline softened. This was significantly true throughout the presidency of Dilma Rousseff – Lula’s successor.

Precarious financial footing

In direction of the top of his presidency, Bolsonaro’s choice to lift money handouts and cap taxes on gasoline and electrical energy (to fight the price of dwelling disaster) solely added to Brazil’s debt burden.

Immediately, the nation’s debt-to-GDP ratio is sort of 90 p.c. Excessive debt masses carry an elevated curiosity burden, which limits public spending on issues like training and healthcare.

Admittedly, inflation has tailed off in latest months. Nevertheless, Brazil’s financial footing stays precarious. The president-elect might want to stroll a effective line between pursuing progress reforms and decreasing public spending.

Lula’s Employees Occasion (PT) has already hinted at sustaining the just lately authorized enhance to social welfare.

“However this gained’t final eternally”, warns Nelson Barbosa, Brazil’s minister of finance from 2015-16.

“Assuming progress rebounds in direction of the top of subsequent yr, assist measures must be rolled again. That mentioned, the main target will probably be on stimulating progress after which decreasing debt.”

Given Lula’s emphasis on public funding, PT economists have raised objections to Brazil’s present fiscal guidelines. Specifically, the federal government’s spending ceiling, which limits finances will increase to inflation, has drawn fierce criticism.

“This fiscal protocol will not be match for goal. It needs to be changed by a brand new rule which permits spending to develop in actual phrases and relies on a long-term fiscal situation for public debt,” Barbosa mentioned.

PT has additionally highlighted the necessity to simplify Brazil’s labyrinthine tax system. Some analysts anticipate Lula to retain elements of Bolsonaro’s coverage proposals, comparable to unifying regional gross sales duties into one nationwide value-added tax. E

Elsewhere, PT are regarded as contemplating a extra progressive tax regime that may broaden exemptions for low-income people.

Away from public funds, PT beforehand pledged to repeal Brazil’s 2017 labour reform invoice, which weakened employees’ bargaining energy. In latest months, nevertheless, the occasion has moderated its stance.

In accordance with Marcos Casarin, chief economist for Latin America at Oxford Economics, “Lula might try to regulate the invoice by reintroducing necessary funding for unions. He may additionally attempt to increase the minimal wage, however that may value him politically.”

Throughout the election marketing campaign, different speaking factors included enhanced pay for “gig” employees. For Brazil’s huge casual economic system, estimated at 40 p.c of the nation’s employed workforce, COVID-19 amplified social vulnerabilities.

To help these employees, Mr Marcos identified that “a tax listed to app firms’ income may very well be explored”, however careworn that, “whereas these measures would supply a fiscal elevate, they aren’t a precedence for Congress”.

Treacherous terrain

Within the first-round elections on October 2, the far-right strengthened its maintain on the nation’s nationwide Congress. Voters re-appointed all members of the chamber of deputies and one-third of the Senate.

Within the former, Bolsonaro’s PL gained 99 seats, the biggest single-party block. Within the latter, PL and its right-wing allies secured 19 of the 27 seats up for grabs.

Professional-Bolsonaro parliamentary forces are actually extensively anticipated to try to stall PT’s agenda within the coming years.

“The terrain may be very treacherous for any political chief… passing financial reforms will probably be an uphill battle,” famous Alfredo Saad-Filho, professor of worldwide improvement at King’s Faculty London.

Lula’s politics, in flip, could also be compelled to shift extra to the centre.

“Lula is arguably probably the most gifted politician of his era and if anybody can heal the nation’s fissures it’s him. However given the political panorama, he must make huge concessions over the subsequent 4 years,” added Saad-Filho.

“I’m not optimistic about progressive reform.”

Monetary markets have to date been sanguine about Lula’s return. On December 14, Brazil’s incoming finance minister, Fernando Haddad, calmed market jitters by enjoying down the prospect of extreme public spending.

On the similar time, Lula was compelled to assemble a broad political church in opposition to Bolsonaro.

This, along with stiff parliamentary opposition, will seemingly be mirrored in a average strategy to financial coverage.

The upshot is that Lula won’t be able to trip on the coattails of a 2000s-era progress spurt. He’s additionally dealing with rising stress to de-carbonise Brazil’s progress mannequin and to reassert better authorities management over Petrobras, the state-backed power firm.

Briefly, he faces monumental challenges.

However in response to Mr Biclaeto, the nurse from Sao Paulo, Lula’s most enduring legacy gained’t be financial. Quite, it will likely be “the victory of democracy”.